
在英语语法中,定语从句和非谓语形式是两种常见的修饰名词的办法。它们各有特征,但在某些状况下可以互相转换,以达到更简洁、更自然的表达成效。本文将通过具体例子,探讨定语从句和非谓语形式之间的转换逻辑,并剖析其背后的语法原理。
1、定语从句的基本定义
定语从句是一种用来修饰名词或代词的从句,一般由关系代词(如who, which, that)或关系副词(如where, when, why)引导。定语从句可以提供关于被修饰词的详细情况,使句子愈加丰富和具体。比如:
1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
3. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
在这三个例子中,"who is sitting on the platform"、"that was mailed last night" 和 "to be given in our class at 7:45" 都是定语从句,分别修饰 "the man"、"the letter" 和 "a party"。
2、非谓语形式的基本定义
非谓语形式是指动词的一种特殊形式,包含动名词、目前分词、过去分词和不定式。这类形式在句子中不充当谓语,而是作为其他成分,如定语、状语、宾语补足语等。在修饰名词时,非谓语形式可以替代定语从句,使句子愈加简洁明了。
1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
3. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
在这三个例子中,"sitting on the platform"、"mailed last night" 和 "to be given in our class at 7:45" 都是非谓语形式,分别修饰 "the man"、"the letter" 和 "a party"。
3、定语从句与非谓语形式的转换逻辑
1. 被修饰名词 + doing 短语
- 语法结构:被修饰名词 + doing 短语
- 语义讲解:表示正在做某事的人或正在发生的事。
- 例句:
- The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
- The dog barking loudly outside is my neighbor's.
2. 被修饰名词 + done 短语
- 语法结构:被修饰名词 + done 短语
- 语义讲解:表示被某人或某事所影响的人或事。
- 例句:
- The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
- The book written by Hemingway is a classic.
3. 被修饰名词 + being done 短语
- 语法结构:被修饰名词 + being done 短语
- 语义讲解:表示正在被某人或某事所影响的人或事。
- 例句:
- The house being painted looks very old.
- The car being repaired belongs to my friend.
4. 被修饰名词 + to be done 短语
- 语法结构:被修饰名词 + to be done 短语
- 语义讲解:表示将要被某人或某事所影响的人或事。
- 例句:
- You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
- The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
4、非谓语形式作定语的需要注意的地方
1. 地方安排:非谓语形式作定语时,一般放在被修饰名词的后面。但假如单独一个 V-ing 或 V-ed 形式作定语,则可以放在被修饰名词的前面。
- 例句:
- A sleeping baby
- A broken vase
2. 时间关系:分词作定语时,其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing 表示主动意义和正在进行的动作,V-ed 表示被动意义。
- 例句:
- The woman reading the book is my mother.
- The book read by her is very interesting.
3. 不定式作定语:不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作,to be done 表示将要被做的动作。
- 例句:
- The book to be published next month is highly anticipated.
- The task to be completed by the end of the week is challenging.
5、总结
定语从句和非谓语形式在英语语法中饰演着要紧的角色。通过合理地用这两种形式,可以使句子愈加简洁、明确。定语从句提供了详细的描述,而非谓语形式则使句子愈加紧凑。在实质应用中,大家可以参考具体语境和表达需要,灵活选择适合的形式,以达到最好的表达成效。
学会定语从句与非谓语形式的相互转换逻辑,不只能够帮助提升英语写作的水平,还能增强语言的灵活性和多样性。期望本文的分析能为读者提供有益的参考和启示。